DIODA
Komponen elektronik yang
berfungsi sebagai alat untuk membatasi arah pergerakan arus listrik,
dimana dioda hanya mengijinkan arus listrik untuk mengalir ke satu arah
saja dan menghalangi aliran ke arah yang berlawanan.
Gambar fisik dioda
Pada dioda, kita mengenal istilah potensial barrier yaitu beda potensial pada persambungan. Beda potensial ini menjadi cukup besar untuk menghalangi proses penyebaran difusi selanjutnya dari elektron-elektron bebas. Pada suhu ruangan potensial barrier bekerja sekitar 0,7 Volt untuk Silikon dan 0,3 Volt untuk Germanium.
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TRANSISTOR
Gambar fisik transisitor
Secara tipikal transistor mempunyai tiga pin, yaitu:
- Basis
- Emitor
- Kolektor
Basis
merupakan pin untuk meng-aktifkan dan meng-non-aktifkan sebuah
transistor. Emitor dan kolektor dihubungkan ke sumber tegangan positif
atan negatif atau ground (tergantung konfigurasi transistor).
Transistor
terbagi menjadi dua tipe yaitu NPN dan PNP. Untuk membedakan transistor
tipe NPN atau PNP, kamu bisa lihat di tanda panah pada kaki emitornya (
di gambar rangkaiannya lo ya, bukan bentuk fisiknya ). Untuk NPN arah
panahnya keluar, sedangkan untuk PNP arah panahnya kedalam Lihat gambar 3 saja, biar lebih jelas.
Gambar Simbol Transistor
Untuk
menentukan kaki Basis Emitor Kolektor dari sebuah transistor biasanya
digunakan multimeter. Tetapi saya punya beberapa tips untuk menentukan
kaki transistor tanpa menggunakan multimeter, caranya adalah :
- Kaki kolektor biasanya terhubung dengan badan transistor apabila transistor tersebut dipacking menggunakan metal. Apabila transistor dipacking dengan plastik maka kaki kolektor biasanya terhubung dengan badan transistor yang akan dihubungkan dengan pendingin.
- Apabila transistor tersebut tidak dihubungkan dengan pendingin, maka sebaiknya dicari dulu kaki basisnya. Kalau sudah ketemu, sekarang kaki basisnya ditengah apa dipinggir? Kalau kaki basisnya ditengah, biasanya kaki kolektor berada pada sebelah kanan. Kalau basisnya dipinggir maka kaki kolektor berada pada sebelah tengah.
Gambar Konfigurasi Kaki Transistor
Cara menentukan Kaki Basis transistor dengan multimeter :
- Atur multimeter pada pengukuran ohmmeter x100.
- Lakukan pengukuran seperti gambar diatas.° Perhatikan penunjukkan pergerakan jarum.
- Apabila jarum bergerak ke kanan dengan posisi probe yang satu tetap pada kaki 3 dan probe lainnya pada kaki 1 atau kaki 2 berarti kaki 3 adalah basis transistor. Jika probe negatif yang berada pada kaki 3 berarti transistor tersebut berjenis NPN, sebaliknya jika probe positif berada pada kaki 3 berarti transistortersebut berjenis PNP.
Cara menentukan Kaki Kolektor dan Emitter
Gambar Cara menentukan kaki emiter dan kolektor transistor
- Misal: transistor berjenis NPN
- Lakukan pengukuran seperti gambar diatas.
- Perhatikan penunjukkan jarum, apabila jarum bergerak ke kanan maka kaki 1 (pada probe negatif) adalah emitter dan kaki 2 (pada posisi probe positif) adalah kolektor. Atau jika dipasang kebalikkannya (probe negatif pada kaki 2 dan probe positif pada kaki 1) dan jarum tidak bergerak, maka kaki 1 adalah emitter dan kaki 2 adalah kolektor.
- Untuk transistor jenis PNP dapat dilakukan seperti diatas dan hasilnya kebalikan dari transistor jenis NPN.
Data Sheet transistor Fet UPS
Transistor fet ini sering di gunakan pada ups-ups yang beredar di pasaran. tapi sayangnya agat sukar mendapatkan suku cadang jenis ini.
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LED (Light Emiting Dioda)
LED (Light Emiting
Dioda), is a component can product of emissions light. LED findings
after dioda. With the same structure also dioda, but later found that
the electrons that run into the connection PN also release energy as
heat energy and light energy. LED is made to be more efficient if the
light issue. To produce light emissions in the semiconductor, doping is
the use galium, arsenic and phosporus. A different type of doping will produce a different color of light also.
At this time the colors of LED that there is a lot of red, yellow and green. Basically, all colors can be produced, but it will be very expensive and inefficient.
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DIODA ZENER
Phenomena tegangan breakdown
dioda ini mengilhami pembuatan komponen elektronika lainnya yang
dinamakan zener. Sebenarnya tidak ada perbedaan sruktur dasar dari
zener, melainkan mirip dengan dioda. Tetapi dengan memberi jumlah doping
yang lebih banyak pada sambungan P dan N, ternyata tegangan breakdown
dioda bisa makin cepat tercapai. Jika pada dioda biasanya baru terjadi breakdown pada tegangan ratusan volt, pada zener bisa terjadi pada angka puluhan dan satuan volt. Di datasheet ada zener yang memiliki tegangan Vz sebesar 1.5 volt, 3.5 volt dan sebagainya.
Simbol Zener
Ini adalah karakteristik zener yang unik. Jika dioda bekerja pada bias maju maka zener biasanya berguna pada bias negatif (reverse bias).
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TRANSISTOR POWER 2N3055|MJ2955
Fitur:
- Arus colektor - emitor max 15 Ampere
- Disipasi daya max 115 watt
- teganngan Colektor- emitor max 60 volt
- penguatan arus (hfe) 20-70
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Rangkaian Regulator IC 79xx (7905,7912,7915...)
The available voltage from a voltage source that is usually not appropriate to the needs. It is necessary for a voltage regulator that functions to maintain the constant voltage value on a certain value. Voltage regulator chip is usually a code with the 78xx or 79xx. For the 79xx series is used for DC negative voltage regulator. xx indicates the regulator output voltage. For example, the system needs is a -5 volt negative, the regulator used is 7905. Chip regulator
consists of three pins, namely input, output and ground. In this IC
uses the input voltage must be greater several percent (depending on the
data sheet) from the value output voltage.
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HEXFET® Power MOSFET
Description
Advanced HEXFET® Power
MOSFETs from International Rectifier utilize advanced processing
techniques to achieve extremely low on-resistance per silicon area. This
benefit, combined with the fast switching speed and ruggedized device
design that HEXFET power MOSFETs are well known for, provides the
designer with an extremely efficient and reliable device for use in a
wide variety of applications. The TO-220 package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220 contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Notes:
- Repetitive rating; pulse width limited by max. junction temperature.
- Starting TJ = 25°C, L = 0.48mH RG = 25W, IAS = 25A.
- ISD £ 25A, di/dt £ 230A/μs, VDD £ V(BR)DSS, TJ £ 175°C.
- Pulse width £ 400μs; duty cycle £ 2%.
- This is a typical value at device destruction and represents operation outside rated limits.
- This is a calculated value limited to TJ = 175°C .
IRF Z44N
Description
Fifth Generation HEXFET® power MOSFETs from International Rectifer utilize advanced processing techniques to achieve the lowest possible
on-resistance per silicon area. This benefit, combined with the fast
switching speed and ruggedized device design that HEXFET power MOSFETs
are well known for, provides the designer with an extremely efficient
device for use in a wide variety of applications. The TO-220 package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220 contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
Notes:
- Repetitive rating; pulse width limited by max. junction temperature.
- VDD = 25V, starting TJ = 25°C, L = 1.0mH RG = 25W, IAS = 10A.
- ISD £ 10A, di/dt £ 280A/μs, VDD £ V(BR)DSS, TJ £ 175°C
- Pulse width £ 300μs; duty cycle £ 2%.
IRF Z48N
Advanced
HEXFET® Power MOSFETs from International Rectifier utilize advanced
processing techniques to achieve extremely low on-resistance per silicon
area. This benefit, combined with the fast switching speed and
ruggedized device design that HEXFET power MOSFETs are well known for,
provides the designer with an extremely efficient and reliable device
for use in a wide variety of applications. The TO-220 package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220 contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.
Absolute Maximum Ratings
NOTES:
- Repetitive rating; pulse width limited bymax. junction temperature.
- Starting TJ = 25°C, L = 0.37mH RG = 25W, IAS = 32A.
- ISD £ 32A, di/dt £ 220A/μs, VDD £ V(BR)DSS, TJ £ 175°C
- Pulse width £ 400μs; duty cycle £ 2%.
- This is the destructive value not limited to the thermal limit.
- This is the thermal limited value.
Karakteristik Tegangan Dioda Zener
is specially designed to operate in the reverse biased mode. It is
acting as normal diode while forward Diode zener biasing. It has a particular
voltage known as break down voltage, at which the diode break downs
while reverse biased. In the case of normal diodes the diode damages at the break down voltage. Diode zenerut is specially designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region.
The principle of Diode zener is the zener breakdown. When a diode is heavily doped, it’s depletion region will be narrow. When a high reverse voltage is applied across the junction, there will be very strong electric field at the junction. And the electron hole pair generation takes place. Thus heavy current flows. This is known as Diode zener break down.
The principle of Diode zener is the zener breakdown. When a diode is heavily doped, it’s depletion region will be narrow. When a high reverse voltage is applied across the junction, there will be very strong electric field at the junction. And the electron hole pair generation takes place. Thus heavy current flows. This is known as Diode zener break down.
So a zener diode, in a forward biased condition acts as a normal diode. In reverse biased mode, after the break down of junction current through diode increases sharply. But the voltage across it remains constant
Gambar Karakteristik Tegangan Diode zener
Funsi Diode zener
Zener function is to stabilize the voltage. At the time connected in parallel with a source voltage swings are installed so that the ration-back, a zener diode will act like a short circuit (short-circuit) voltage when the voltage reaches the diode damage. The result, the voltage will be limited to a number that has been known previously.
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Rumus Mengitung Nilai Resistor Seri|Paralel
Basically, all materials have resistive properties but some materials such as copper, silver, gold and metal materials
generally have very little resistance. These materials deliver the
electrical current very well, so-called conductors. The opposite of a
conductive material, materials such as rubber, glass, carbon has a
greater resistance restrain the flow of electrons and are called
insulators.
Resistor is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of current flowing in one Circuit. As the name implies is a resistive resistor and generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of current flowing through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or represented by the symbol W (Omega).
Resistor is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of current flowing in one Circuit. As the name implies is a resistive resistor and generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of current flowing through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or represented by the symbol W (Omega).
Resistor physical
Other
specifications that need to be considered in choosing a design resitor
the resistance is greater than big watts his. Because resistors working
with electrified, there will be a power dissipation of heat for W = I2R
watts. The greater the physical size of a resistor can demonstrate the
greater ability of the resistor power dissipation.
Generally
in the market available sizes 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts.
Resistor which has a power dissipation of 5, 10 and 20 watts generally
cubic-shaped elongated white square, but there is also a cylindrical.
But usually for this jumbo-sized resistor resistance value printed
directly on the body, for example 100W5W.
Rumus mengitung nilai resistor seri|paralel
Resistor paralel
Series of resistors in parallel will result in a replacement value of the smaller resistance. Below is an example of resistors that are arranged in parallel.
Resistor seri
Series of resistors in series will result in the total resistance value is growing. In Below are examples of resistors arranged in series.
Series resistor in the Circuit applies the formula:
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Gelang Warna (Nilai) Resistor
Resistor
is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of current
flowing in one circuit. As the name implies is a resistive resistor and
generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the
resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of current flowing
through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or represented
by the symbol W (Omega).
A common type of resistor is shaped tube with two feet of copper on the left and right. In the body there is formed a circle bracelet color code to identify the user greater ease without measuring the amount of resistance with ohmmeter. Color code is the manufacturing standards issued by EIA (Electronic Industries Association). as shown in the table below.
A common type of resistor is shaped tube with two feet of copper on the left and right. In the body there is formed a circle bracelet color code to identify the user greater ease without measuring the amount of resistance with ohmmeter. Color code is the manufacturing standards issued by EIA (Electronic Industries Association). as shown in the table below.
Table Gelang Warna Resistor
Example:
The order of the color ring (4 rings resistor color (4 gelang warna)): red, Purple, blue, gold
- bracelet color 1: the first number
- bracelet color 2: the second number
- bracelet color 3: the multiplication factor
- bracelet color 4: tolerance
- bracelet color 1: the first number
- bracelet color 2: the second number
- bracelet color 3: the third number
- bracelet color 4: the multiplication factor
- bracelet color 5: tolerance
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Fungsi Dan Karakteristik Photodioda BPW41N
Photodioda
often used as a catcher of light waves emitted by the Infrared. The
amount of voltage or electrical current generated by the size depends
photodioda radiation emitted by the infrared.
Photodiodes made from semiconductors with a popular material is silicon or gallium arsenide, and others include InSb, Carbuncle, PbSe. This Photodioda (BPW41N) can detect infrared light with wavelengths ranging from 800 to 1100 nm with a peak sensitivity at 950 nm wavelength as shown in the picture below
Photodiodes made from semiconductors with a popular material is silicon or gallium arsenide, and others include InSb, Carbuncle, PbSe. This Photodioda (BPW41N) can detect infrared light with wavelengths ranging from 800 to 1100 nm with a peak sensitivity at 950 nm wavelength as shown in the picture below
When a photon (a unit of light energy) from the light source is absorbed, it is generating an electron and produces a single pair of charge carriers,
an electron and a hole where a hole is part of the semiconductor
lattice is losing electrons. The direction of current through a
semiconductor is opposite to the motion of charge carriers. I was in a Photodiode used to collect photons - causing charge carriers (such as current or voltage) flows / formed in the electrode parts.
Rangkaian Penkondisi Sinyal dari Photodioda
This circuit is used as a current-to-voltage converter
by a factor of 1000 times (set by R3) due to backflow photodioda range
from 1 to 100 UA the output of U1A is ranged from -1 to -100 mV.
Negative voltage is then amplified again by the inverting amplifier circuit to the value corresponding to the input level of need, amount of reinforcement is done by adjusting the value potensimeter R1.
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Sensor Warna TCS230.
Sensor Warna TCS230
TCS230 color sensor is a converter IC to the frequency of light colors. There are two main components of this IC makers, namely photodioda and current to frequency converters. Each color can be drawn from the basic colors. To light, color is the color of the basic constituent Red, Green and Blue, or better known as RGB (Red-Green-Blue).
TCS230 color sensor is a converter IC to the frequency of light colors. There are two main components of this IC makers, namely photodioda and current to frequency converters. Each color can be drawn from the basic colors. To light, color is the color of the basic constituent Red, Green and Blue, or better known as RGB (Red-Green-Blue).
Photodiode
on IC TCS230 array arranged in a 8x8 configuration: 16 Photodiode for
red menfilter, 16 Photodiode for the green filter, 16 Photodiode for the
blue color filter, and unfiltered Photodiode 16. Photodiode groups
which will be used can be arranged through the leg selector S2 and S3.
Gambar Sensor Warna TCS230
Photodiode will issue the amount of current is proportional to the level of the basic colors of light that happened. This current is then converted into a signal box with a frequency proportional to the amount of current. Output frequency can be scaled by adjusting the leg selector S0 and S1.
Thus,
programs that we need to get the RGB composition is a frequency counter
program. There are two typical ways to calculate the frequency. The
first way: We create a timer berperiode 1 second, and during that period
we count how many times a wave box.
in the picture above
1 second place in 1000 wave means the frequency is 1000Hz or 1khz
in the picture above
1 second place in 1000 wave means the frequency is 1000Hz or 1khz
Datasheet LCD 4 Digits SP521PR
This 4 digits LCD SP521PR
based digital thermometer, it is possible to measure from -40 to +150
degree celsius. It uses S8100 or 1S1588 as thermal Sensor. The power consumption is very small and it is possible to operate about 3 months continuously from a 9-V cell.
This
is the TN (Twisted Nematic)-type liquid crystal display. It is possible
to 4 digits display but the display of the maximum figure is only "1".
It isn't possible to work continuously in the direct current. However,
when applying the about
5-V DC voltage between the backplane (common) and the terminal, the
color of the segment which corresponds can be temporarily changed to the
black. With this, the correspondence of the terminal and the display
segment can be confirmed.
note:
The maximum applied voltage : 10 V
The operating temperature : -10 to 55°C
The storage temperature : -20 to 60°C
When using the 5-V power supply, the resistor as much as 10K-ohm must be put in series to prevent from big electric current's flowing in case of the short circuit. The specification of SP521PR to be using this time is as follows.