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Componen Elektonik

DIODA

Komponen elektronik yang berfungsi sebagai alat untuk membatasi arah pergerakan arus listrik, dimana dioda hanya mengijinkan arus listrik untuk mengalir ke satu arah saja dan menghalangi aliran ke arah yang berlawanan.

Gambar fisik dioda

Pada dioda, kita mengenal istilah potensial barrier yaitu beda potensial pada persambungan. Beda potensial ini menjadi cukup besar untuk menghalangi proses penyebaran difusi selanjutnya dari elektron-elektron bebas. Pada suhu ruangan potensial barrier bekerja sekitar 0,7 Volt untuk Silikon dan 0,3 Volt untuk Germanium.
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TRANSISTOR

Fungsi utama Transistor adalah sebagai penguat sinyal dan sebagai saklar elektronik. Dibandingkan dengan Tabung Hampa, transistor mempunyai kelebihan antara lain bentuk fisiknya yang lebih kecil dan daya yang digunakan lebih kecil.


Gambar fisik transisitor

Secara tipikal transistor mempunyai tiga pin, yaitu:
  • Basis
  • Emitor
  • Kolektor
Basis merupakan pin untuk meng-aktifkan dan meng-non-aktifkan sebuah transistor. Emitor dan kolektor dihubungkan ke sumber tegangan positif atan negatif atau ground (tergantung konfigurasi transistor).
Transistor terbagi menjadi dua tipe yaitu NPN dan PNP. Untuk membedakan transistor tipe NPN atau PNP, kamu bisa lihat di tanda panah pada kaki emitornya ( di gambar rangkaiannya lo ya, bukan bentuk fisiknya ). Untuk NPN arah panahnya keluar, sedangkan untuk PNP arah panahnya kedalam Lihat gambar 3 saja, biar lebih jelas.
Gambar Simbol Transistor

Untuk menentukan kaki Basis Emitor Kolektor dari sebuah transistor biasanya digunakan multimeter. Tetapi saya punya beberapa tips untuk menentukan kaki transistor tanpa menggunakan multimeter, caranya adalah :
  • Kaki kolektor biasanya terhubung dengan badan transistor apabila transistor tersebut dipacking menggunakan metal. Apabila transistor dipacking dengan plastik maka kaki kolektor biasanya terhubung dengan badan transistor yang akan dihubungkan dengan pendingin.
  • Apabila transistor tersebut tidak dihubungkan dengan pendingin, maka sebaiknya dicari dulu kaki basisnya. Kalau sudah ketemu, sekarang kaki basisnya ditengah apa dipinggir? Kalau kaki basisnya ditengah, biasanya kaki kolektor berada pada sebelah kanan. Kalau basisnya dipinggir maka kaki kolektor berada pada sebelah tengah.
Gambar Konfigurasi Kaki Transistor

Cara menentukan Kaki Basis transistor dengan multimeter :


Gambar Cara menentukan kaki basis transistor
  • Atur multimeter pada pengukuran ohmmeter x100.
  • Lakukan pengukuran seperti gambar diatas.° Perhatikan penunjukkan pergerakan jarum.
  • Apabila jarum bergerak ke kanan dengan posisi probe yang satu tetap pada kaki 3 dan probe lainnya pada kaki 1 atau kaki 2 berarti kaki 3 adalah basis transistor. Jika probe negatif yang berada pada kaki 3 berarti transistor tersebut berjenis NPN, sebaliknya jika probe positif berada pada kaki 3 berarti transistortersebut berjenis PNP.
Cara menentukan Kaki Kolektor dan Emitter


Gambar Cara menentukan kaki emiter dan kolektor transistor
  • Misal: transistor berjenis NPN
  • Lakukan pengukuran seperti gambar diatas.
  • Perhatikan penunjukkan jarum, apabila jarum bergerak ke kanan maka kaki 1 (pada probe negatif) adalah emitter dan kaki 2 (pada posisi probe positif) adalah kolektor. Atau jika dipasang kebalikkannya (probe negatif pada kaki 2 dan probe positif pada kaki 1) dan jarum tidak bergerak, maka kaki 1 adalah emitter dan kaki 2 adalah kolektor.
  • Untuk transistor jenis PNP dapat dilakukan seperti diatas dan hasilnya kebalikan dari transistor jenis NPN.
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Data Sheet transistor Fet UPS

Transistor fet ini sering di gunakan pada ups-ups yang beredar di pasaran. tapi sayangnya agat sukar mendapatkan suku cadang jenis ini.





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LED (Light Emiting Dioda)

LED (Light Emiting Dioda), is a component can product of emissions light. LED findings after dioda. With the same structure also dioda, but later found that the electrons that run into the connection PN also release energy as heat energy and light energy. LED is made to be more efficient if the light issue. To produce light emissions in the semiconductor, doping is the use galium, arsenic and phosporus. A different type of doping will produce a different color of light also.
symbol LED

At this time the colors of LED that there is a lot of red, yellow and green. Basically, all colors can be produced, but it will be very expensive and inefficient.

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DIODA ZENER

Phenomena tegangan breakdown dioda ini mengilhami pembuatan komponen elektronika lainnya yang dinamakan zener. Sebenarnya tidak ada perbedaan sruktur dasar dari zener, melainkan mirip dengan dioda. Tetapi dengan memberi jumlah doping yang lebih banyak pada sambungan P dan N, ternyata tegangan breakdown dioda bisa makin cepat tercapai. Jika pada dioda biasanya baru terjadi breakdown pada tegangan ratusan volt, pada zener bisa terjadi pada angka puluhan dan satuan volt. Di datasheet ada zener yang memiliki tegangan Vz sebesar 1.5 volt, 3.5 volt dan sebagainya.
Simbol Zener
Ini adalah karakteristik zener yang unik. Jika dioda bekerja pada bias maju maka zener biasanya berguna pada bias negatif (reverse bias). 

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TRANSISTOR POWER 2N3055|MJ2955

Transistor ini biasa di gunakan pada power (amplifier) tingkat menengah
Fitur:
  • Arus colektor - emitor max 15 Ampere
  • Disipasi daya max 115 watt
  • teganngan Colektor- emitor max 60 volt
  • penguatan arus (hfe) 20-70
Bentuk fisik Transistor 2N3055/MJ2955




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Rangkaian Regulator IC 79xx (7905,7912,7915...)

The available voltage from a voltage source that is usually not appropriate to the needs. It is necessary for a voltage regulator that functions to maintain the constant voltage value on a certain value. Voltage regulator chip is usually a code with the 78xx or 79xx. For the 79xx series is used for DC negative voltage regulator. xx indicates the regulator output voltage. For example, the system needs is a -5 volt negative, the regulator used is 7905. Chip regulator consists of three pins, namely input, output and ground. In this IC uses the input voltage must be greater several percent (depending on the data sheet) from the value output voltage.


Fisik 79xx
physical 79xx regulator chip

Pin Ic 79xx
data sheet 79xx
data sheet 79xx


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HEXFET® Power MOSFET

IRF Z44N


Description

Advanced HEXFET® Power  MOSFETs from International Rectifier utilize advanced processing techniques to achieve extremely low on-resistance per silicon area. This benefit, combined with the fast switching speed and ruggedized device design that HEXFET power MOSFETs are well known for, provides the designer with an extremely efficient and reliable device for use in a wide variety of applications. The TO-220 package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220 contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.

Absolute Maximum Ratings







Notes:
  • Repetitive rating; pulse width limited by max. junction temperature.
  • Starting TJ = 25°C, L = 0.48mH RG = 25W, IAS = 25A.
  • ISD £ 25A, di/dt £ 230A/μs, VDD £ V(BR)DSS, TJ £ 175°C.
  • Pulse width £ 400μs; duty cycle £ 2%.
  • This is a typical value at device destruction and represents operation outside rated limits.
  • This is a calculated value limited to TJ = 175°C .

IRF Z44N


Description

Fifth Generation HEXFET® power MOSFETs from International Rectifer utilize advanced processing techniques to achieve the lowest possible on-resistance per silicon area. This benefit, combined with the fast switching speed and ruggedized device design that HEXFET power MOSFETs are well known for, provides the designer with an extremely efficient device for use in a wide variety of applications. The TO-220 package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220 contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.

Absolute Maximum Ratings







Notes:
  • Repetitive rating; pulse width limited by max. junction temperature.
  • VDD = 25V, starting TJ = 25°C, L = 1.0mH RG = 25W, IAS = 10A.
  • ISD £ 10A, di/dt £ 280A/μs, VDD £ V(BR)DSS, TJ £ 175°C
  • Pulse width £ 300μs; duty cycle £ 2%.

IRF Z48N



Description
Advanced HEXFET® Power MOSFETs from International Rectifier utilize advanced processing techniques to achieve extremely low on-resistance per silicon area. This benefit, combined with the fast switching speed and ruggedized device design that HEXFET power MOSFETs are well known for, provides the designer with an extremely efficient and reliable device for use in a wide variety of applications. The TO-220 package is universally preferred for all commercial-industrial applications at power dissipation levels to approximately 50 watts. The low thermal resistance and low package cost of the TO-220 contribute to its wide acceptance throughout the industry.

Absolute Maximum Ratings









NOTES:
  • Repetitive rating; pulse width limited bymax. junction temperature.
  • Starting TJ = 25°C, L = 0.37mH RG = 25W, IAS = 32A.
  • ISD £ 32A, di/dt £ 220A/μs, VDD £ V(BR)DSS, TJ £ 175°C
  • Pulse width £ 400μs; duty cycle £ 2%.
  • This is the destructive value not limited to the thermal limit.
  • This is the thermal limited value.
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Karakteristik Tegangan Dioda Zener

dioda zener
Gambar dan simbol Diode zener
 is specially designed to operate in the reverse biased mode. It is acting as normal diode while forward Diode zener biasing. It has a particular voltage known as break down voltage, at which the diode break downs while reverse biased. In the case of normal diodes the diode damages at the break down voltage. Diode zenerut  is specially designed to operate in the reverse breakdown region.

The principle of Diode zener is the zener breakdown. When a diode is heavily doped, it’s depletion region will be narrow. When a high reverse voltage is applied across the junction, there will be very strong electric field at the junction. And the electron hole pair generation takes place. Thus heavy current flows. This is known as Diode zener break down.
So a zener diode, in a forward biased condition acts as a normal diode. In reverse biased mode, after the break down of junction current through diode increases sharply. But the voltage across it remains constant
Karakteristik Dioda zener
Gambar Karakteristik Tegangan Diode zener

Funsi Diode zener

Zener function is to stabilize the voltage. At the time connected in parallel with a source voltage swings are installed so that the ration-back, a zener diode will act like a short circuit (short-circuit) voltage when the voltage reaches the diode damage. The result, the voltage will be limited to a number that has been known previously.

Aplikasi dioda zener


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Rumus Mengitung Nilai Resistor Seri|Paralel

Resistor

Basically, all materials have resistive properties but some materials such as copper, silver, gold and metal materials generally have very little resistance. These materials deliver the electrical current very well, so-called conductors. The opposite of a conductive material, materials such as rubber, glass, carbon has a greater resistance restrain the flow of electrons and are called insulators.

Resistor is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of current flowing in one Circuit. As the name implies is a resistive resistor and generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of current flowing through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or represented by the symbol W (Omega).
Resistor physical

Other specifications that need to be considered in choosing a design resitor the resistance is greater than big watts his. Because resistors working with electrified, there will be a power dissipation of heat for W = I2R watts. The greater the physical size of a resistor can demonstrate the greater ability of the resistor power dissipation.

Generally in the market available sizes 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts. Resistor which has a power dissipation of 5, 10 and 20 watts generally cubic-shaped elongated white square, but there is also a cylindrical. But usually for this jumbo-sized resistor resistance value printed directly on the body, for example 100W5W.


Rumus mengitung nilai resistor seri|paralel

Resistor paralel
Series of resistors in parallel will result in a replacement value of the smaller resistance. Below is an example of resistors that are arranged in parallel.

In parallel resistor circuit applies the formula:

Resistor seri
Series of resistors in series will result in the total resistance value is growing. In Below are examples of resistors arranged in series.

Series resistor in the Circuit applies the formula:



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Gelang Warna (Nilai) Resistor

Gelang Warna (Nilai) Resistor

Resistor is the basic electronic components used to limit the amount of current flowing in one circuit. As the name implies is a resistive resistor and generally made of carbon materials. From Ohms law is known, the resistance is inversely proportional to the amount of current flowing through it. Unit resistance of a resistor is called Ohm or represented by the symbol W (Omega).

A common type of resistor is shaped tube with two feet of copper on the left and right. In the body there is formed a circle bracelet color code to identify the user greater ease without measuring the amount of resistance with ohmmeter. Color code is the manufacturing standards issued by EIA (Electronic Industries Association). as shown in the table below.

Table Gelang Warna Resistor



Example:
The order of the color ring (4 rings resistor color (4 gelang warna)): red, Purple, blue, gold
  • bracelet color 1: the first number
  • bracelet color 2: the second number
  • bracelet color 3: the multiplication factor
  • bracelet color 4: tolerance
The order of the color rings (5 rings resistor color (5 gelang warna)): brown, red, black, orange, brown
  • bracelet color 1: the first number
  • bracelet color 2: the second number
  • bracelet color 3: the third number
  • bracelet color 4: the multiplication factor
  • bracelet color 5: tolerance
The amount depends on the size watt resistor or the maximum Power that can hold by resistors. Generally in the market available sizes 1 / 8, 1 / 4, 1, 2, 5, 10 and 20 watts. Resistor has a maximum power of 5, 10 and 20 watts is generally shaped white blocks and the value Direct printed dibadannya resistance, such as 1K 5W.
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Fungsi Dan Karakteristik Photodioda BPW41N

Fungsi Dan Karakteristik Photodioda

Photodioda often used as a catcher of light waves emitted by the Infrared. The amount of voltage or electrical current generated by the size depends photodioda radiation emitted by the infrared.

Photodiodes made from semiconductors with a popular material is silicon or gallium arsenide, and others include InSb, Carbuncle, PbSe. This Photodioda (BPW41N) can detect infrared light with wavelengths ranging from 800 to 1100 nm with a peak sensitivity at 950 nm wavelength as shown in the picture below

 Photodioda BPW41N Photodioda BPW41N
Kurva karakteristik photodioda BPW41NKurva karakteristik photodioda BPW41N

When a photon (a unit of light energy) from the light source is absorbed, it is generating an electron and produces a single pair of charge carriers, an electron and a hole where a hole is part of the semiconductor lattice is losing electrons. The direction of current through a semiconductor is opposite to the motion of charge carriers. I was in a Photodiode used to collect photons - causing charge carriers (such as current or voltage) flows / formed in the electrode parts.


Rangkaian Penkondisi Sinyal dari Photodioda

This circuit is used as a current-to-voltage converter by a factor of 1000 times (set by R3) due to backflow photodioda range from 1 to 100 UA the output of U1A is ranged from -1 to -100 mV. Negative voltage is then amplified again by the inverting amplifier circuit to the value corresponding to the input level of need, amount of reinforcement is done by adjusting the value potensimeter R1.
 
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Sensor Warna TCS230.

Sensor Warna TCS230

TCS230 color sensor is a converter IC to the frequency of light colors. There are two main components of this IC makers, namely photodioda and current to frequency converters. Each color can be drawn from the basic colors. To light, color is the color of the basic constituent Red, Green and Blue, or better known as RGB (Red-Green-Blue).

Photodiode on IC TCS230 array arranged in a 8x8 configuration: 16 Photodiode for red menfilter, 16 Photodiode for the green filter, 16 Photodiode for the blue color filter, and unfiltered Photodiode 16. Photodiode groups which will be used can be arranged through the leg selector S2 and S3.
Sensor Warna TCS230Gambar Sensor Warna TCS230
sample color and composition RGB 8-bit scale.

Table Combination pin function S2 and S3

Photodiode will issue the amount of current is proportional to the level of the basic colors of light that happened. This current is then converted into a signal box with a frequency proportional to the amount of current. Output frequency can be scaled by adjusting the leg selector S0 and S1.

Table Output scaling

Thus, programs that we need to get the RGB composition is a frequency counter program. There are two typical ways to calculate the frequency. The first way: We create a timer berperiode 1 second, and during that period we count how many times a wave box.

in the picture above
1 second place in 1000 wave means the frequency is 1000Hz or 1khz

The second way: We compute how much a period of one wave, then look for the frequency by using the formula
  • F=1/T
1 full-wave mean period 1mS, frequency: 1/1mS = 1000Hz or 1khz

Datasheet LCD 4 Digits SP521PR

This 4 digits LCD SP521PR based digital thermometer, it is possible to measure from -40 to +150 degree celsius. It uses S8100 or 1S1588 as thermal Sensor. The power consumption is very small and it is possible to operate about 3 months continuously from a 9-V cell.
This is the TN (Twisted Nematic)-type liquid crystal display. It is possible to 4 digits display but the display of the maximum figure is only "1". It isn't possible to work continuously in the direct current. However, when applying the about 5-V DC voltage between the backplane (common) and the terminal, the color of the segment which corresponds can be temporarily changed to the black. With this, the correspondence of the terminal and the display segment can be confirmed.

LCD 4 Digits SP521PRLCD 4 Digits SP521PR pic
note:

The maximum applied voltage : 10 V
The operating temperature : -10 to 55°C
The storage temperature : -20 to 60°C

When using the 5-V power supply, the resistor as much as 10K-ohm must be put in series to prevent from big electric current's flowing in case of the short circuit. The specification of SP521PR to be using this time is as follows.















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